Bugis traders and European power

History and Change: The power of Europe and the Malay World

The change is the phenomenon that occurs often in the history of all places. Southeast Asia in the early history of modern have changed the nature is another. The development has left many consequences that are shaping the changes in local and national history in Southeast Asia in particular and other Asian. What is meant by the coming of the Europeans is that an agenda to dominate the commercial and trading center in the Malay world (Gunn, 2003:169-275). Since then, the environment and trade activities in the Malay world from changing. Although the Malay world ever came to Arab traders, China, Persia and India, but commercial activities run smoothly (Risso, 1995), even though the arrival of foreign merchants and entrepreneurs is based on interest and profits.

Malay World clash with foreigners has caused major social changes in the Nusantara (Reid, 2000). Socio-cultural changes occurring in many ports across the archipelago has been going very well and peaceful until the arrival of Europeans, especially Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and English have come as a surprise that negaitf nature (Van Veen, 2005). They come with the intention and agenda has never been suspected traders from Asia and the Malay kingdom in the archipelago. Intention and motive of the European traders cause hatred, anger and revenge are endless among the indigenous population of the archipelago. They have also caused the fragmentation of society and the decline of Malay. In addition, customs, traditions, and the Malay culture is threatened and eroded little by little. Although the Europeans have dominated most of the trade center, but their work is not as easy as they assume. This is due to the Malay and Bugis traders are not easily discouraged when they dominated the trade and networking in the Straits of Malacca, the Java Sea and Sulu Sea. Their lives based on land and water has largely determined the Malay traders defend the homeland. Their hard work not only take back the captured the West, but also to build new commercial centers in other parts of the archipelago. Their work also appears to response from Asian traders also have to understand the thinking of the western traders.

Against the backdrop of the story, the history of early modern Southeast Asia has witnessed many changes. Admission of Europe and their intervention in political affairs and the Malay government has changed everything. Malay world is at a crossroads between the Indian subcontinent and mainland China, and often received the kind of changes had to deal with challenges and pressures that previously have not been felt. If the arrival of Arab traders, India, and China is bringing changes in culture and forms of belief and practice and anutan, but the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch and English has resulted in fragmentation and destruction of the Malay government. The main trade center has changed hands once dominated by Europeans, while the Malay trading center was threatened, he received tempiasnya and there is increasing success and growing rapidly. Meanwhile, local traders have a scattered search for a new direction and purpose of the trade center was destroyed when the western powers. However, there is also an effort to consolidate the new place they were built. So, what happens to the Bugis traders from Makassar.

Power Europe and Bugis traders

Malay trader's hard work and perseverance to defend the supremacy of the Malay archipelago is Bugis traders. Therefore, this article attempts Uncovering the role of Bugis traders and their properties are acclaimed European traders and make them always respected the Malay archipelago as merchants who are not only smart business, but also honest in business. After the trade center in Makassar, Bugis captured the Netherlands, most of them have been moved to the west of the Malay world and build a new trading center to connect the strength of their trade. Which ports are in the north coast of Java, the island of Borneo, the Thai government in Ayuthaya and other places in the Straits of Malacca. In the Straits of Malacca they have managed to rebuild trade links and the new strength that ultimately lead to major changes to the history of the Malay kingdom of Johor, Riau Province. Notes, records and documents sou, Bugis and the Netherlands in 1722 showed how the children of five children of the nobility Bugis has changed the structure of the Malay Kingdom of Johor, in addition to the port of Riau administration became the main port in Southeast Asia (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Andaya, 1975).

The strength is in Bugis traders are thinking embedded in their souls as stated in the old story and the story of their voyage. Ketokohan and their heroism was shown on local leaders Bugis, Sawerigading, the historical literature ternukil La Galigo (Kern 1993). Literary history that shows strength, as well as providing guidance to the Bugis people to live overseas. The story also has a Bugis ancient oral tradition. Story of heroism and shipping Sawerigading has given strength to the Bugis traders to become a nation of high prudence, diligence, and thus take a guess in life. Travel and strength Sawerigading everywhere has become a symbol of pride Bugis traders. Ketokohan character has been blended in the minds of the Bugis who care about pride and moral strength. The nature and ketokohan Sawerigading has become the basis of effort and a high character as shown Bugis traders who have access to trade Archipelago waters.

In addition, another concept that has given strength to the browser and the Bugis traders and pesse series (Andaya, 1981; Moh Mustafa Yahaya, 2003). The series is the concept of the culture of the Bugis. It is related to ideas and philosophies about the strength of pride and shame element. The concept of shame was also related to dignity and self-esteem. Bugis people who do not have to make a series of suicide in order to purify himself and redeem his honor. Bugis Perbidalan often provide memory of the strength of self-esteem can be strengthened with words like "better dead than to retain the series with a series of life that does not have." Armed with this concept of Bugis traders became traders and highly respected in the Malay world. The concept of self-esteem has been a series of guidance in their lives as well as forming a trader who admired them for having the strength and high self-esteem and honesty in all actions.

Pesse is based on belief in the spiritual unity of the individual (Moh. Yahaya Mustafa, 2003). The origin and strength in this concept is based persaudaran. The strength of the bonds of brotherhood that is considered very important in order to defend and strengthen their communities. When friends have trouble and pain, the distress suffered together. This element has given strength to the strong Bugis to remember them on their origin, in addition to trade ties to them. Accordingly, the elements pesse also gives strength to the Bugis traders to stay together and give them strength to build a life. Pesse concept is actually a tradition of the importance of collaborative collaborative spirit in the Malay culture (Moh. Yahya Mustafa, 2003). Strength is a blow to the resilient spirit of Bugis traders to acquire and develop commercial link from east to west in the Malay Archipelago.

Mastery of the Bugis traders in the trading networks of Malay-Indonesian archipelago has been recorded in documents from the Portuguese, Dutch and English (Nordin Hussin, 2006; Lewis, 1977). It is evident from the report which stated that they are traders who visit the Java Sea, Borneo island, Spice Island and the Straits of Malacca. In addition to trade, they also make a lot of placements in many places and ports, including in Java, Bali, Borneo, Malacca, Riau, Trantan, Penang, the Malay states and Siam (Nordin Hussin, 2006; Knaap, 1996). Meanwhile, the other the strength of the Bugis are the physical energy and skill to manage and deal in them and made them respected among traders that the European traders (Cortesao, 1944).

Since time immemorial, in the Straits of Malacca has been established that the government had control of maritime trade (Wolters 1970; Kathirithamby-Wells and Villiers 1990). Besides, based in Palembang Srivijaya which had dominated trade in the straits, has appeared many other government earlier. Among them are of old, the Government followed BATURITI Melaka, Pasai, patent and Aceh. All the government is dependent on trade involving traders from the ports visited near and far. However, research is clear about the Bugis and the Bugis traders who came and settled into this area is clearly visible after the 1720s (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Vos, 1993).

Before the 1720s, Bugis traders coming to Malacca, Aceh and other ports in the Straits of Malacca is not much research attention history. The lack of studies on their presence does not mean they are not aware of the center of important trade centers in the region. Spirit and heroism of Bugis is apparent. They had visited the Straits of Malacca to trade at ports in west Malay islands. Notes about the conduct of their trade links in the process of being recorded for the first time by Pires, who came to Malacca in the sixteen century. In the note, Pires admired the intelligence and honesty Bugis traders who bring a variety of goods such as rice and gold from the east side of the Malay Archipelago. They bring home from Malacca Gujarati cloth from, Bengal and the Coromandel, and other items, including benzin and incense. They have shown great Pires as they sail with ships made of light but firmly. See post Pires below:

The island of Macassar are four or five day `s journey beyond the islands we have described, on the way to Moluccas. The islands are numerous. It is a large country. One side goes up to Buton and Madura and the other extends far up north. They are all heathens. They say that these islands have more than fifty Kings. These islands trade with Malacca and with Java and with Borneo and with Siam and with all the places between Pahang and Siam. They are like the Siamese men more than other races. Their language is on its own, different from the others. They are all heathens, roboust, great Warriors. They have many foodstuffs(Cortesao, 1944).

Pires also recorded the Bugis has a robust body physique and warrior is as strong, strong, handsome and spoke a language of the Bugis. Writers and European pencatat time less people know the origins of the Bugis area. As such, they are often associated with piracy-dominated region. However, intelligence and power of Bugis traders viewed the European traders in the port such as Pegu in Burma, Siam Junk Ceylon, the port on the north coast of Java, ports along the coast of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. As events are tertonjol Bugis traders against other traders, then move them Gerik was monitored and recorded. Activity and behavior as stated Bugis traders Pires when he was in Malacca are:

These men in these islands are greater thieves than any in the world, and they are powerful and have many paraos. They sail about plundering, from their country up to Pegu, to the Moluccas and Banda, and among all the islands around Java; and they take women to sea (Cortesao, 1944).

Pires post above shows the Bugis clever built vessel that can surf the Spice Islands to Burma. But Pires is also self-conscious statement when he said Bugis traders act as a "thief." This may be due to their trading acumen to succeed in all business transaction, especially intelligence can not be contested European traders. In addition, the strength of the Bugis traders are also located in the strength of their shipping fleet can access all the ports in the Malay world. Other entries in the European report on the Bugis traders is that they often take the wife on a journey, while this is rarely done. This is likely because they often sail and trade to various places for many months.

Entirely different situation with the European traders who do not take women on a journey. Pires found this very awkward besides, there are no European traders and has recorded a variety of observations. Pires as well as the statement below that is awkward to kenyatannya:

They have Fairs where THEY dispose of the merchandise THEY steal and sell the slaves THEY capture. They run all round the island of Sumatra. They are MSI corsairs. The Javanese call them the Bugis and Malays call them this and Celates. They take their spoils to Jumaia (?) Which is near Pahang, where THEY sell and have a fair continually (Cortesao, 1944).

Pires reports that state they are pirates who steal and take those to be sold as slaves and it is very awkward. More surprising yet is Pires said that they were led to confiscation of goods sold in Jumaia, near Pahang. Report Pires is also very vague when mentioning the Bugis establishing trading centers such as markets to sell their spoils them. Markets where it is not stated. Jumaia Pires mentioned in the report is not only vague, but there is no record anywhere. It is possible that the diperhatian Pires was not the Bugis and his mistake. Observation is contrary to all the kenyatannya of the Bugis and other travelers' reports about the Bugis. Accordingly, there are two categories of Bugis traders in the observation Pires: the Bugis melanun and robbery and the Bugis are polite and have a unique identity.

Reports of other European states are not many people who live melanun Bugis and robbery. Most of those who do it are the people who live in Bugis place in the Straits of Malacca and non-living and living in the Celebes. This matter is still debated, but more research menunut. However, the report identified the Bugis people Pires is not robbery and melanun. Most of them use the cruiser to take the trade. Pires also said pirates and sea robbers did not dare to challenge their ships because of the strength possessed Bugis traders. Therefore, it is awkward when Pires mentioned are pirates among them:

Those people who do not carry on this kind of robbery come in their large well-built pangajavas with merchandise. They bring many foodstuffs: very white rice; THEY bring some gold. They take bretangis and cloths from Cambay and a little from Bengal and from the Klings; THEY take black benzoin in large quantities, and incense. These islands have many inhabitants and a great deal of meat, and it is a rich country. They all wear krises. They are well-built men. They go about the world and everyone fears them, because no doubt the robbers obey all these with good reason. They carry a great deal of poison [ed weapons] and shoot with them. They have no power against Thye junks which can all Defend Indonesia Hari Jadi Kabupaten, but every other ship in the country they have in their hands (Cortesao, 1944).

From the passage above, it appears that the main character portrayed Pires of Bugis traders are heroism, courage, bravery and ingenuity of their trade and do business honestly. This is a high value to the commercial world at that time. Honesty is a very pleasant nature of all traders and merchants. In addition, the nature of heroism and bravery are needed because the sea is full of pirates with the hijacking of ships and merchandise are often occurs. Each character is highly commendable, but an asset to the Bugis traders. In addition, the Bugis sailed and know-how to build a strong ship that can sail up to Pegu and Siam is very impressive. Only a strong and robust ship facing the rough seas and makes the long journey. In a word, making the ship had made the Bugis Makasar traders to control navigation in the archipelago, east and west. Bugis traders carrying goods of other traders awaited west of the archipelago. Inland Revenue Authority of forest and sea, as well as minerals and food brought to Malacca and other ports in the Straits of Malacca are often waiting for traders from Europe, India and China. Results minerals, including gold taken from Borneo, spices from the Spice Islands, the sea such as sea cucumber / tripang and materials needed medicines traders from China.

The role played by Bugis traders widely: they collect the goods from the eastern archipelago to be brought to the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Malacca to distribute goods to other areas throughout the archipelago. The role is not only important, but also a pillar of the marketing flow of goods and collection of goods. Accordingly, the nature of Bugis traders and their keperbadian good as Pires was observed to impress a lot of traders who deal with them. Portuguese capture of Malacca in 1511, does not mean Bugis traders have been exhausted. They have moved the center of calls to other places in the Straits of Malacca. Clearing the government evolved into an important and major entrepot center in northern Sumatra has a Bugis trade network center, other small ports such as Pasai, PEDIR and Indragiri.

The fall of Malacca has led to the establishment of government and the newly constructed sequence of Malacca Sultanate. Finally, the port of Riau and has opened a new center of government for the kingdom of Johor-Riau. The year 1699 also brought great meaning to the government of Johor-Riau with the occurrence of the transitional government's throne and descendant sequence of Johor-Riau. Bendahara appointment to replace the murdered Sultan has brought many problems to the throne. This has resulted in unrest that brought major changes to the government of Johor-Riau. This includes the capture of Makassar and Bugis exile by the Dutch government that forced them to find another place to form a new government. In the midst of chaos, the royal descendants formally Bugis went to the Malay royal family. Year 1720an be an important turning point for the occurrence of families of mixed Malay and Bugis kings in the kingdom of Johor-Riau (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Vos, 1993).

The presence of the Bugis and the changing pattern in Riau. Administer their intelligence and trade has brought the emergence of Riau as a major port and important center of Malacca replace. Proficiency administrator has placed Bugis Riau to stop the ship from the west central, east and the Malay archipelago. Commercial benefits of the Malays in Johor government previously developed Admiral Paduka Raja Muda Daeng was taken YamTuan Cambodia. Riau has become an important port in the Straits of Malacca and the Malay World. Ships from the east, west and the archipelago has been stopped at the port. It also has a major port for the ship calls English commute between India and China. Most of the necessary European traders, Indians, Chinese and Malays are easily available in the port of Riau. Quotations below reflect Bugis Riau under administration after it became a leading commercial center of Southeast Asia:

To continue the story of the cater-Young Yang Daeng Kamboja in Riau. He should complete himself solely to extending Riau `s trade. Several trading boat came from distant places, and Scores of ketch came from Bengal, Bringing goods from there; Scores of junk arrived from China with green or red bows; Scores of TOB came from Siam Siamese Bringing goods; and as well as these, the boat from Java. Scores of selub there were, the Senate, the column continued, and pencalang from the Bugis Lands, pedewakan as well as the boat from the Outlying Territories, crammed like sardines in the Riau River from the estuary to Kampung China. Goods from China competed with those from Java, and Javanese goods competed with those from Bali, such as gambier, and there were numerous Chinese Merchants as well as locally born Bugis Merchants. During this period there were many wealthy people in the country (Raja Ali Haji, 1982).

The presence of the Bugis in the business of government Johor-Riau has boost economic growth, as well as strengthen the Bugis influence in the Malay government. That development can be seen in the formation of the Selangor sultanate Bugis other activities in Perak, Kedah and along the east coast of Sumatra, especially in Indragiri, Riau and East Kalimantan. Their activities based on trade and government administration. Bugis traders is also important to Malacca during the Dutch master. From 1780 to 1783, a total of 178 Bugis vessels have been stopped at Melaka (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Riau Development in Lao family ordered five brothers also explained the nature and identity of Bugis. The nature of heroism, honesty and discipline the Bugis were applied as the Johor-Riau government. Port Development in the Riau administration era of cater-Young Yang Daeng Cambodia is connected cater Raja Muda Haji until captured the Netherlands in 1784 (Vos, 1993). Riau developed not only in terms of trade, but also has grown to become the center of the Malay mind.

The role of Bugis traders at the time of the Dutch Melaka and English appear in many reports (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Malacca is not only central to the production of traded goods, but also the distribution of goods brought from other parts of the archipelago. Bugis traders brought goods from elsewhere to Malacca. Having conquered the Dutch port in Riau, Bugis traders have built a network of trade in many ports in the Straits of Malacca and Indonesia. Among them is the Siak, Selangor, Pahang, shavings, Indragiri, Aceh, and Papua (Nordin Hussin, 2006).

Before Riau fell into the hands of the Netherlands in 1874, many Bugis traders who actively trade in Malacca came from Riau and Selangor (Nordin Hussin, 2006). They often lead ship of padowakang and pantjallang (Nordin Hussin, 2006). From the reports of ships in and out of the port of Malacca, the most common vessel in the Melaka bersinggah belong to the Malay traders and merchants followed by Europe with the Bugis, Chinese, Malay, Chinese, Melaka and Melaka (Nordin Hussin, 2006). Many European traders once an Englishman of the English East India Company and British private company. Meanwhile, Malay traders who came to Malacca telahmencatatkan highest percentage: 42% of the total number of traders who came to Malacca in the year 1780/82, although the figure fell to 37% in 1791/93. In addition, the Bugis traders mencatatkedatangan of 15% in 1780/82 has declined to 10% in 1791/93. Bugis traders from Riau. After the war between the Dutch and the Bugis in Riau in 1784, Bugis traders have moved to the port in Selangor, Trengganu, Trantan, and Tembelan. After the 1790s, many of whom come from Selangor, Trengganu, and Trantan. Trade routes that often they use are Riau, Melaka and Selangor. They bring Bugis cloth, bird nests, gold, slaves and seafood mainly from Borneo. Sometimes they come without bringing the goods, but were brought home textiles from India bought in Malacca to be marketed across the ports in the Malay world.

Once opened Penang in 1786, English, early progress is dependent upon the Malay and Bugis traders (Nordin Hussin, 2001 & 2005). Because NSW has no raw materials for sale, the English had to rely solely on the Malay and Bugis traders to bring agricultural products like spices, black pepper, forest products, seafood and minerals, including tin and gold. Accordingly, the Malay and Bugis traders attracted traders from India and China in exchange for their goods. Increased trade has led to the increase in merchant ships from India and China to Penang.

Because mastery of English in Malacca together with the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the UK has forced the Bugis traders who stop in Melaka went to Penang (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Tactics that have attracted many Bugis traders who are trading network to Penang. As a result, the number of vessels transiting in Penang has been increased. Increased trade has helped NSW to be developed and prosperous. The development was opened to the Bugis Bugis village south of the island. The village has grown in tandem with the growth in port trade. All that makes English so appreciate the Bugis traders. Accordingly, many reports about the Bugis traders have made English. Notes from the UK is in line with the written Tome Pires who was stopped at Melaka in the early sixteen century. Here is the view from an English writer of the Bugis people who have traded and settled in Penang when it is opened by the English:

The Buggesses, though few inhabit here at present, yet as THEY come and trade committee to remain two or three weeks on Shore to the number of one or two thousand, THEY are their residence during a part of our society. They are Mahomedans, a proud, warlike, independent people, easily irritated and prone to Revenge, their Vessels are well provided with arms always WHICH THEY use with dexterity and vigor; Merchants THEY are the best among the Eastern Islands. They are better governed by patient and mild exhortation than by force, if THEY commit a Trespass THEY are easily made and may Sensible news persuaded to render satisfaction, but THEY reluctantly yield to stern authority, THEY required to be watched carefully and cautiously ruled. The great value of their CARGOES either in bullion or goods, with the quantity of opium and piece goods exported THEY, THEIR ARRIVAL make much wished for by all people Mercantile (Logan, 1851: 10).

UK report that describes the nature and value of belonging to the Bugis traders for generations. Value, nature and spirit of heroism that Pires told in 1512 when met with the Bugis traders in Malacca is still practiced the Bugis were also found Logan in the 1830s. Value has become the identity of steel symbolizes the spirit of the Bugis, in addition to their high prudent, honest and independent. All properties that have made them a respected trader and acclaimed European. In its report on the progress of the port of Penang, George Leith also recorded the nature, characteristics and personalities Bugis traders. See the views below:

... bold, independent and enterprising make good soldiers have a small town on the Singapore River (Leith, 1805).

George Leith statement that shows the Buginese has personality, self-esteem and efforts to trade higher. Because of the strength, they are the best candidate to serve as members of local military forces to the west. It is not surprising if the Dutch troops have a lot of local people, especially the Bugis.

Conclusion

Pedagang Bugis telah berjaya menguasai segala pelosok Nusantara. Kejayaan itu disebabkan sifat dan peribadi orang Bugis: kepahlawanan, kejujuran, kegagahan, kebijaksanaan dan keberanian. Kesemua sifat itu terkandung dalam konsep siri serta pesse mereka. Kekuatan ini telah diperkukuhkan dengan cerita sejarah I La Galigo dan pengembaraan tokoh Sawerigading. Semangat dan jiwa kepahlawanan itu telah membuat mereka berdaya saing untuk maju sehingga telah menguasai dunia perdagangan serta lautan yang tanpa sempadan. Kejujuran pedagang Bugis menjadi terkenal dan disanjung tinggi di mana sahaja mereka pergi, berjual serta berdagang. Tanggapan seperti itu telah membuat mereka berada jauh ke depan dan sering muncul dalam laporan Inggeris di Pulau Pinang. Susuk badan mereka yang gagah telah membuat mereka bertahan dalam pelayaran laut yang jauh. Keberanian dan kegagahan mereka telah membuat mereka tahan mengharungi laut yang bergelora serta cuaca yang tidak tentu arah. Mereka juga bijak dan pandai berniaga sehinggakan telah menguasai jaringan pedagangan yang luas di Nusantara. Kesemua sifat itu adalah lambang keperibadian yang membuat mereka berjaya di semua pelabuhan di Nusantara. Berbekalkan jaringan yang luas, mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam menyebarkan barang-barang Nusantara. Peranan pedagang Bugis itu dilengkapkan kebolehan Daeng lima bersaudara telah menambah warna baru kepada kerajaan Melayu yang berteraskan perdagangan samudera di Selat Melaka.

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