Gus Dur People Religion And Politics

Chaplain Haji Abdurrahman Wahid, who affectionately addressed as Gus Dur has left Indonesia with all its history.

He is renowned as one of many national figures who enliven the various Indonesian nation.

Not only is Gus Dur to bring exceptional idea but these religious leaders had also sparked controversy when he title of President when ideanya opened diplomatic relations with Israel.

This has become one of the ideas that made him great was criticized by a group of Indonesian Islam pertubuhan.

Grandson of KH Hasyim Ash'ari scholars also been characterized as a 'guardian' and was inaugurated as Chairman of NU and menubuhkan Parti National Awakening, or PKB in the reform era.

Now has returned to Rahmatullah political figure who loved millions of Indonesian people. Gus Dur died on Wednesday (30/12/2009) at around 6:45 pm (Jakarta time), 7:45 pm (Malaysian time) at the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) after several days had maintained there and undergoing dialysis.

Gus Dur survived by his wife, Shinta Nuriyah, and four children, namely Alissa Qotrunnada Munawaroh, Zanuba Arifah, Anita Hayatunnufus, and Inayah.

History of beings called Gus Dur began in his birthplace in Jombang, East Java, on 4 Ogos 1940. He attained his early education in Jakarta in 1953 and continued the lessons to SMEP in Yogyakarta in 1956.

A moment after that, he continued his study at boarding school in Jombang Tambakberas 1963. Gus Dur also received education at Universiti Al-Azhar University, Cairo in the study of Islamic and Arabic and so on Fakulti Letter, Universiti Baghdad, Iraq, in 1970 but did not get to finish pengajiannya.

His first career was as a teacher and later as pensyarah for years ever. Starting from the Teachers of Madrasah Mu'allimat, Jombang (1959 - 1963) at Universiti hinggalah to pensyarah Asyhari Hashim, Jombang (1972-1974), and Dean of Universiti Usuluddin Fakulti Asyhari Hashim, Jombang (1972-1974).

Gus Dur is also active in Islamic schools as Secretary of Pesantren Tebuireng, Jombang (1974-1979) and became a consultant in various agencies and governmental units in the year 1976.

statesman who was later to continue loving a career as a nanny Ciganjur Boarding School, Jakarta, since 1976 until now.

In NU organization, Gus Dur NU advisory members from 1979 to 1984. Spirits are also sworn in as the Chief Executives of Large Tanfidziyah Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) for the three-piece - (1984-1989), (1989-1994) and (1994-1999).

In the political arena too, Gus Dur has served in legislative and executive institutions and participate become a member of the Assembly for two piece - 1987-1992 and 1999-2004.

Gus Dur who have noted the appearance of this modest political career peak as President of the Republic of Indonesia (GoI) for 2 years in 1999-2001.

Although recognized as a leader who focuses on religion, at the same time Gus Dur's actions often invite controversy. Them when he became a member of the Board of Founders Shimon Peres Peace Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.

In fact Gus Dur had been Vice Chairman of Group of Three Religions, namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism, which was established in Universiti Al Kala, Spain, and the Founder Forum 2000 (organisisasi that emphasizes the relationship between religion).

Despite weaknesses in terms of ability to see, Gus Dur was still likes to read books until the end of his life. He is also productive to write articles and books.

Gus Dur is also a boarding school teacher and Dean of University Faculty Ushuludin Hasyim Ashari (a branch of theology concerned laws and philosofi); Chairman of the Jakarta Arts Institute (1983-1985); Chairman Ciganjur Islamic School (1984-present); General Chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama (1984-1999); Chairman of the Democracy Forum (1990); Chairman of the Assembly of World Religions and Peace, Italy (1994); Member of Parliament (1999); and President of the Republic of Indonesia (1999-24 Facebook October 20 2001).

While award he ever had, including: Award of the Egyptian government of Islamic Da'wah (1991); Magsaysay Award from the Philippine Government for their efforts in developing relations between religions in Indonesia (1993); Together with the girl Arivia Tasrif awarded the Freedom Fighter Award as Journalist granted by the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI, 2006).

Gus Dur is also a lot of gain mat honor Doctor (Doctor Honoris Causa) from various educational institutions. Field of honor among them is the Doctor of Humanities from Universiti Netanya, Israel (2003) and Doctorate in Law from Universiti honor Konkuk, Seoul, South Korea (2003) and Doctorate in honor of Universiti Sun Moon, Seoul, South Korea (2003) and Doctorate in honor of the Universiti Soka Gakkai, Tokyo, Japan (2002) and Doctorate in Philosophy of Law honor from Universiti Thammasat, Bangkok, Thailand (2000).

pengiktirafan Gus Dur also given the honor of Doctor of the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand (2000) and Doctorate in Science honor Law and Politics, Economics and Management and Humanitarian Sciences of Universiti Pantheon Sorbonne, Paris, France (2000) and Doctorate in honor of Universiti Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand (2000) and Doctorate in honor of Universiti Twente, The Netherlands (2000); and Doctor of honor from Universiti Jawaharlal Nehru, India (2000).

Gus Dur also received an award from the American Center Sarekat Wiethemtal Simon (2008), awards and honors from Universiti Temple, Philadelphia, United Sarekat, who used his name to an appreciation of learning and studying harmony between religious communities , which was named "Chair of Wahid, Islamic Study (2008)."

Wahid MAHU tight escort

Indonesian leaders, usually have a tight guard if you want to go anywhere. But this does not apply to the former President of Indonesia is the fourth.

According to the people closest to Gus Dur, Hermawi Taslim, Gus Dur never use bodyguards solemn accompaniment if go anywhere.

The state officials, especially former President, used to be accompanied by a train attendant or any motorcycle escort from the policyholder.

"Gus Dur, will be remembered as a simple figure. He is very simple. Eat improvise. There was never going heavily guarded. There was never going through the VIP road. is quite hard to get such figures as Gus Dur," said Hermawi, such as reported by kompas.com pages.

Since leaving the presidential chair, Gus Dur there were three bodyguards. However, his relationship with the guards did not change as a friend.

"Gus Dur was often talk like friends with his guards or workers. The conversation is always about maintaining ranging duck, fish and others. He has a very low profile," explained Hermawi.

GUS Dur rightly HUMANITARIAN AWARD JAN 2010

We are only able to design, god disposes. A humanitarian award should be received by Gus Dur in January 2010.

However, before the award is received, Gus Dur was already facing divine. These awards follow the design will be submitted in Vermont, United Sarekat, as notified Hermawi Taslim.

"plan, Wahid will go to Vemont, United Sarekat to receive a humanitarian award," said Hermawi.

However, Hermawi not remember what the institution will award them. Hermawi words, the award given to Gus Dur for the donation amount as a figure of anti-Muslim discrimination and simple figures. As long as President, Gus Dur as a defender of the minoriti recognizable.

One of the services which will enable him he loved the Chinese community in Indonesia when giving freedom to the Chinese community and to make Hari Raya Lunar New Year (for the Chinese) as the national vacation days.

THREE PRINCIPLES Wahid

Hermawi remembering three principles Wahid's life which is always delivered to the people closest.

First, the word Hermawi, Gus Dur will always side with the underdog. Second, the spirit of anti-discrimination in whatever form, and third, never hate anyone, even hurt.

"That's the values that he always goes to us and to the principle of his life," said Hermawi, who along with Gus Dur over 10 years final.

According Hermawi, Gus Dur also never angry for more than three days to anyone.

"Although the bad guy and hurt him, his anger is never more than three days. On the fourth would have been better. His heart is clean, although sometimes there who took a chance on his kindness, "said Hermawi.

ONE MILLION CANDLE lit

pemergiaan Wahid As news spread, the people of Surabaya, which consists of groups of various religious communities in Surabaya, a million lit candles to give their last respects to former President who is also known as teacher these nations.

Approximately 100 people from children to adults hinggalah follow the activities carried out spontaneously in front of the State Building Grahadi, night night, starts from nine at night.

Among those present in this activity, including public figures, including Kuswiyanto and Suli Daim, East Java DPRD members.

One million candles lit, while among the participants read the Prophet. Senarionya so once when there is harmony singing Indonesia Raya.

After that, alternate representative of each religion menzahirkan sympathy and condolences greeting.

Apparently, Gus Dur pemergian leaving sorrow and profound impact on all Indonesian people.

According to one participant from community organizations Cross Red Generation, Toga Sidauruk, Gus Dur is a teacher who became a symbol of national pride for an entire generation.

"We lost Gus Dur, but we will continue the struggle and his ideals," Toga said.

And one of Wahid's orders before his death, spirits yearn Indonesian nation united, peaceful, and prosperous.

In the midst of the chaotic political situation bilau like now, Gus Dur's orders were very relevant.

"Through this one million candle as a symbol of one million people are willing to realize the hope of Gus Dur," Toga said.

The movement to improve communications between the various religions dianuti Wahid initiated a long time and is a terrace during this struggle.

What is done, did not undermine the intent and Wahid's efforts to bring about justice, equality, and diversity among religions.

Even now Gus Dur has gone, all the ideas and ideals will remain dikenang.Rakyat Indonesia would seem to lose a hero of democracy and freedom fighters of this minoriti.

During his life, Indonesia was lucky enough to have a religious and political figures such as Gus Dur!

Sultanate of Samudera Pasai

1. History

When the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai unclear precisely and are controversial historians. However, there is a belief that the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai stand earlier than the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey who have become one of the civilizations of the world's superpower. If the Ottoman Empire began to stick the power in the years around 1385 AD, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai already spread its influence in Southeast Asia region since 1297 AD.

A number of historians and researchers from Europe during the colonial occupation of the Dutch East Indies had made several inquiries to uncover the origins of the existence of one of the greatest empire on earth Aceh. Some scholars and researchers from the Netherlands, including Snouck Hurgronje, JP Moquette, JL Moens, J. Hushoff Poll, GP Rouffaer, HKJ Cowan, and others, agree on estimates that the new Pasai Ocean Sultanate stood at mid-13th century as well as placing the name of Sultan Malik al-Salih as its founder (Rusdi Sufi & Agus Budi Wibowo, 2006:50). Malik al-Salih own name is called and the different spellings, such as Malik Ul Salih, Malik Al Saleh, Malikussaleh, Malik al-Salih, or Malik Ul Salih.

a. Ocean Origins Naming Pasai

Pasai Ocean sultanate's full name is "Aca Pasai Ocean," which means "Ocean of good kingdom with its capital at Pasai" (HM Zainuddin, 1961:116). Center of the royal government is now no longer exists but its location is estimated to be around the country Blang Malays. The name "Ocean" that is used as the name of the island which is now referred to as Sumatra, as it is called by the Portuguese. Previously, the region's name is Believe Island.

While the travelers coming from China / Chinese call it by name "Chincou", which means "Island of Gold", such as is known based on the writings I'tsing. Kertanegara King, leader of the famous Royal Singasari, called this area with a Suwarnabhumi, which apparently means the same as what is called by the people of China, the "Island of Gold".

Sultanate of Samudera Pasai an Islamic kingdom located on the coast of northern Sumatra, more or less around the town of Lhokseumawe, North Aceh now. Written records that had been believed by historians to trace the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai Malays are the three books of the historiography of the Hikayat Raja Pasai, History Melayu and Hikayat Raja Bakoy .Hikayat Raja Pasai give a big influence in efforts to uncover a history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, although the nuances myth is still a constraint in interpreting the truth.

Location of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai

Regarding the name "Ocean" and "Pasai", appeared a number of opinions that try to unravel the origins of the use of two names. One of them is as proposed by European scholars, JL Moens, who mentions that the word "Pasai" comes from the term "Parsi". According to Moens, the merchants who came from the Persian word "Pasai" with the pronunciation of "Pa'Se". Moens analysis, this could be applicable, with a note that since the 7th century AD the merchants who came from Persia has arrived and stopped in an area that later became home to the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai (MD Mansoer, 1963:59).

Opinion Moens received support from some quarters, including Prof. Gabriel Ferrand, through his work entitled L'Empire (1922), also in the book The Golden Khersonese (1961) written by prof. Paul Wheatley. Both works were the data-data rely on information from the Middle East travelers who travel to the Southeast Asian region. Both Gabriel and Paul Wheatley Ferrand alike agree that since the 7 th century AD, major ports in Southeast Asia, including in the area of the Strait of Malacca, has been frequently visited by the traveler and the merchants who came from West Asia. Mentioned also that on each such trading cities there have been foundations or settlements of the Islamic traders who stopped and stayed there.

H. Mohammad Said, a journalist and a writer who dedicated his life to researching and publishing books Happenings Aceh, including the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai and the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam, tend to conclude that the origins of naming "Pasai" comes from the Chinese traders. According to Said, the term " Po Se " which is popular in the mid-8th century AD, such as those found in the notes and trip reports from the Chinese traveler, identical and very similar to the mention of the word "Pase" or "Pasai" (Said, 1963:2004-205).

There are also opinions that say that the name "Pasai" comes from the word "tapasai", which means "edge of the sea". The word "tapa" is still mostly found in the Polynesian languages meaning "edge". The word "sai" can be interpreted as a "sea", which is also included in the vocabulary of the Malayo-Polynesian, or Archipelago. The word "Pasai" is a synonym of the word "beach". Similarly, the word "ocean" which also means "not far from the sea." So, both "Ocean" or "Pasai" containing roughly the same meaning, namely "state located on the shores of the sea" (Slamet Muljana, 2005:136).

Name Ocean and Pasai often mentioned in various sources have been found, both originating from outside sources and local sources. The sources from outside the country that often mentioned the existence of the region named Ocean and Pasai include travel reports or records of travelers from China, Arabia, India, and Europe, which had dropped by Pasai Ocean region. Travel records as well as they were written by Marco Polo, Odorico, Ibn Batuta, Tome Pires, as well as news from China. Meanwhile, sources from within the country such as the one contained in the book of the State Kertagama Prapanca mpu works written in the past century -13 until the 14th century AD.

Ibn Batuta, a Muslim traveler of the Maghribi, Morocco, for example, in his notes that he had visited in 1345 M. Pasai Ibn Batuta, who stopped in Pasai for 15 days, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai describes as "a green country with a large port city and the beautiful.''Ibn Batuta tells, when it arrived in China, he saw the ship Sultan Pasai in the country. Indeed, Chinese sources have said that envoys Pasai routinely come to China to submit a tribute.

Note on the Mongol Dynasty in China shows several kingdoms in Sumatra, including the Royal Ocean / Pasai, have time to build the relationship with the Mongol Empire under the command Kubhilai Khan. Ocean Kingdom / Pasai began a relationship with the Mongol Dynasty in 1282. Ocean Kingdom / Pasai relationships with large empires in Asia through Chinese delegation returned from South India and stopped at Pasai Ocean. This event is regarded as the beginning of contact between the Ocean Pasai with Chinese / Mongolian (Muhammad Gade Ismail, 1997:23).

Mausoleum of the First Emperor boards Pasai Ocean

Other information also mentions that the Sultan had sent representatives Pasai Ocean to Quilon, West Indies, in 1282 AD This proves that the Sultanate Pasai has extensive relationships with other kingdoms abroad. In addition, in a note titled journeyTuhfat Al-Nazha , Ibn Batuta tells us, at that time have transformed Pasai as Islamic studies center in Southeast Asia.

Recorder of Portuguese origin who had settled in Malacca in the period 1512-1515, Tomi Pires, mentions that Pasai is the most important city in his time for the whole of Sumatra, because there is no other place importance on the island except Pasai. Name the city by some people called the Ocean and then attached to the name of Pasai Ocean and became a symbol to refer to the island of Sumatra. Pasai city, according to records Tomi Pires, an estimated population of not less than 20,000 people (Ismail, 1997:37).

Marco Polo reported that in 1267 AD has stood the first Islamic kingdom in the archipelago, which is none other than the Sultanate Pasai. Marco Polo visited during the reign of Pasai Sultan Malik al-Salih, precisely the year 1292 AD, when the kingdom has not been long standing but already showing potential for prosperity. Marco Polo dropped Pasai Ocean in a series of travels from China to Persia. At that time, Marco Polo took part in the group from Italy who visited Sumatra, after attending an invitation from Kublai Khan, the King of the Mongols, who also mastered the territory of China. Marco Polo mentions, in Pasai population at that time still a lot that has not embraced the religion (Islam), but the community of Arabs, called by the name of Marco Saraceen - had enough and was instrumental in the effort to convert the population of Aceh. Marco Polo called it disinggahinya area under the name "Giava Minor" or "Java Minor" (Mohammad H. Said, 1963:82-83).

Apart from written sources and records the journey of the traveler, other information can at least help a little in the unfolding history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai obtained from the remnants of the abandoned civilization, like ancient tombs made of stone or marble and granite-currency named Deureuham or Dirham found in Sub-Ocean, North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. When the death of Sultan Malik Al Salih, the founder of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, itself can be known from the print on a gravestone found in Blang Me, ie the year 697 Hijri or 1297 AD coincided with the years. Meanwhile, when Malik Al-Salih was born has not found a clearer explanation.

Applicable Currency Pasai Ocean

Sources about the origin of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai version of Western scholars who formulated the era of the Dutch East Indies colonial administration was different from what is believed to be leaders of national historians and scholars in the period after Indonesia's independence. In the "National History Seminar" held in Medan, North Sumatra, on 17-20 March 1963, and in a seminar on "Sign and rise of Islam in Aceh Special Region", held on 10-16 July 1978 in Banda Aceh, which among other attended by Prof. Hamka, Prof. A. Hasjmy, Prof. H. Fuel Aboe Atjeh, H. Mohammad Said, and MD Mansoer, has been put forward different perspectives in an effort to probe the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai history.

Based on a number of directions and sources of a newer, among other particulars of Arab travelers on Southeast Asia as well as two local manuscripts found in Aceh ie "Idhahul Fi Mamlakatil Peureula Rights" written by Abu Ishaq al Makarany and "chronicles the Kings Kingdom of Aceh ", the experts concluded that the national history of the Islamic kingdom of Samudera Pasai been standing since the 11th century, or rather the year 433 Hijri calendar alias in the year 1042 AD (Sufi & Wibowo, 2005:52).

Regarding the location of the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, has taken the efforts of research and investigation, one of the excavation efforts undertaken by the Archaeological Service Department for Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. From the efforts of this investigation is known that the location of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai located in an area called Pasai, namely now in the area of North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province.

According to GP Rouffaer, one Dutch scholar who seriously investigate the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, said that the location Pasai initially located on the right side Pasai River, while the Ocean is located on the left side of river. However, over time, both places are collected into one place and then made the establishment of an empire, namely the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai (T. Ibrahim Alfian, 1973:21).

b. Ocean, Pasai, and Influence of Egypt

There are different opinions that define and interpret about the origins of the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai. One is the notion that Pasai Ocean Empire is a continuation of the history of pre-Islamic kingdoms had existed previously. In a book entitled "The collapse of the Hindu-Javanese kingdom and the emergence of Islamic countries in the Archipelago", Slamet Muljana wrote that Nazimuddin Al Kamil, Admiral of the Sea Fathimiah Dynasty in Egypt, managed to conquer the kingdom of Hindu / Buddhist contained in Aceh and overran the area known fertile Pasai. Nazimuddin Al-Kamil later founded a kingdom at the mouth of the River Pasai it in 1128 AD by the name of the Kingdom of Pasai. Reason Fathimiah dynasty founded in Pasai government based on a desire to dominate trade in the eastern coast of Sumatra, which was very crowded.

To smooth the ambition that, Dynasty Fathimiah deploy a fleet of war captured by Kambayat city in Gujarat, opening a port city in Pasai, and attacked the pepper-producing areas of Kampar Kanan and Kampar Kiri in Minangkabau. In a military expedition to seize the Minangkabau region, Nazimuddin Al-Kamil died and his body was buried in Bangkinang, on the banks of Sungai Kampar Kanan in 1128 was also (Muljana, 2005:133). In 1168, Fathimiah Dynasty, which was founded in 976 AD, Salahuddin was defeated by the army that embraces the Shafi'i madhhab. With the collapse of the dynasty Fathimiah, the relationship with Egypt Pasai automatically disconnected.

The same source mentioned that Al-Kamil Nazimuddin successor as ruler of the Kingdom of Ocean was Admiral Kafrawi Al-Kamil, but in 1204 AD Pasai power fell into the hands of Royal Admiral Johan We Jani from Island. Under the control of Admiral Johan Jani which is a hybrid between India and Persia, the Kingdom of Pasai growing stronger and had transformed into the most powerful maritime nation in the Nusantara (Muljana, 2005:114).

In Egypt, there was a new dynasty to replace Fathimiah Dynasty. The new dynasty was Mamaluk Dynasty who lived within the period from year 1285 until 1522. Like its predecessor, Mamaluk Dynasty also wanted to control trade in Pasai. In the years since its inception, Dynasty sent an envoy to Pasai Mamaluk, ie, a preacher of the old study of Islam in the holy land of Mecca named Shaykh Muhammad Ismail and the Poor, a former cleric from the West Coast of India.

In Pasai, the two envoys met with Marah Silu who was then a member of the Royal army Pasai. Shaykh Muhammad Ismail and Poor Marah Silu persuaded to embrace Islam. Furthermore, with the help of Mamaluk Dynasty in Egypt, they founded the kingdom of Samudera Pasai rivals to the kingdom. Marah Silu ditabalkan became Emperor Royal Ocean. Both the Ocean and the Royal Kingdom of Pasai, both located at the mouth of the River Pasai and facing the Straits of Malacca.

c. Ocean History Pasai in Hikayat

Another version of the history of emerged and the development of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai obtained from a number which tells the saga of this royal existence, especially in the Hikayat Raja Pasai. According to the narration contained in the Hikayat Raja Pasai, kingdom, led by Sultan Malik al-Salih was first named the Kingdom of Ocean. The Kingdom of Pasai is a new government that followed later and accompany the existence of the Kingdom of Ocean. The origin of the name of both kingdoms there are stories that lie behind them.

In Hikayat Raja Pasai narrated, the emergence of a Royal Ocean started when Marah Silu was walking with her beloved dog named Pasai. When they arrived at a high ground, Marah Silu's dog suddenly barking loudly because it met with a large red ants. Marah Silu later captured by the giant ants and then eat it. From here arises inspiration for naming the new kingdom founded by a Royal Ocean which in his native language could be interpreted as a "big red ants."

Copies page First Hikayat Raja Pasai

While the origin of the Kingdom of Pasai, saga the same note, one day, Marah Silu who was then already the title of Sultan Malik al-Salih after leading the Royal Ocean, along with his bodyguards were engaged in hunting where dogs are named Pasai sultan was also participate . Occurred a strange incident when Pasai released into the forest and met with a Lemur, two different animal species were conversing with each other intimately. When Sultan Malik Al Salih want to catch it, it ran into the arms of Lemur dog named Sultan Pasai it. In amazement, Sultan Malik Al Salih later minded to build a country in that place.

After the country's standing, by Sultan Malik al-Salih Pasai named, like a pet dog that inspired the construction of the new country. The dog was alone and then die in the new country. As the representative of Sultan Malik al-Salih remained seated in the Royal Ocean, then dititahkanlah son named Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul to lead the Kingdom Pasai (Russell Jones [ed.], 1999:23).

Although quite a lot of researchers who rely Hikayat Raja Pasai as a base source of information for uncovering the history and origin of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, but not a few who doubt its truth. This is because the saga is not a series of purely historical record, but many are disisipi with the stories that do not necessarily true, not even those stories often be difficult to accept the logic of myth, as the royal government of legitimacy that existed at the time it.

Doubts about the truth contained in the Hikayat Raja Pasai include AD as proposed by Hill, who claimed that the text Pasai Hikayat Raja turns out only a third of the initial course. Similarly, Teuku Ibrahim Alfian a disappointment to the Hikayat Raja Pasai the mention of its history, so he was forced to retrieve information from other sources. In fact, never mentions that Snouck HugronjeHikayat Raja Pasai is "a chlidren fairy story." Hugronje scathing statement seems to be a peak fatality Hikayat Raja Pasai as a source of historical information. These data showed that during these writings have been seen in the pragmatic dimension through the study of any historical or philological (Siti Chamamah Soeratno, 2002:36).

d. The existence of Pasai Ocean Journey

Before embracing Islam, Malik al-Salih's real name is Marah Silu or Meurah Shiloh. "Meurah" is a call for people who are exalted honorary degrees, while "Silo" can be interpreted as a glare or sparkle. Marah Silu Tribe are descendants of Imam Four or frequently called Sukee Imuem Peuet, which is the term for descendants of the four Sovereigns / Meurah siblings who originated from the Mon Khmer (Champa), which is the first founders of the kingdoms in Aceh prior to entry and growth of the Islamic religion.

Ancestors who founded the kingdoms of the Hindu / Buddhist in Aceh is among the Maharaja Syahir Po-Uh-La are building the Kingdom of Peureulak (Po-Uh-La) in East Aceh, flag-waving Tanwi Syahir Kingdom Jeumpa (Champa) in Peusangan ( Youth and Sports), Syahir Poly (Pau-Ling) who uphold the banner of Indra in Pidie Same Kingdom, as well as the originator of the establishment of Syahir Nuwi the Ancient Kingdom of Indra in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar.

In Hikayat Raja Pasai told that Marah Marah Silu whose father and mother is a daughter Gadjah Betung. Marah Silu has a brother named Angry men Sum. After the death of her parents, two brothers was leaving his home and began wandering life. Sum mad then became ruler in the region Bieruen, while Marah Silu open land in the river upstream Peusangan located not far from the mouth of the River Pasai until finally he became the holder of the throne of the Kingdom of Ocean.

Batu Nisan Marah Silu or Sultan Malik al-Salih

As mentioned previously, Marah Silu Malik al-Salih aka Sultan embraced Islam upon persuasion Mamaluk Dynasty envoys from Egypt, namely Shaykh Muhammad Ismail and the Poor. Angry Islamic Silu was reaffirmed in the Hikayat Raja Pasai noting that the Prophet Muhammad has mentioned the name of the Kingdom of Ocean and also to residents in the kingdom Islamicised by one of the Companions of the Prophet, in this case referred to is Sheikh Ismail. With the record of this saga, it is not impossible religious teachings of Islam had entered the territory of Aceh shortly after the Prophet Muhammad died, namely at around the first century Hijra year, or about the 7th century or the 8th year of our Lord. Can be estimated also that the religion of Islam who went to Aceh was taken directly from Mecca (Sufi & Wibowo, 2005:58-59).

The data on Islam in Pasai according Hikayat Raja Pasai show that Pasai is the first such place Islamicised. Apparently, such as written in the Hikayat Raja Pasai , Prophet Muhammad (Prophet) reason, to bring Islam to the Ocean / Pasai, is in a face to face in times of sleeping between Marah Silu with the Prophet. Prophet Muhammad also made Marah Silu mensyahdatkan and can read the Qur'an as much as 30 chapters, ie, after the Prophet spat in his mouth Marah Silu. Messenger also makes Marah Silu has berkhitan. Islamization through a direct role Prophet would indicate an essential process for Pasai. In this process Marah Silu stay crowned so that the process of Islamization can be running smoothly (Chamamah, 2002:40).

When Malik al-Salih was crowned as the Sultan of the Kingdom's first Ocean, the coronation ceremony conducted by the Arab forces in which Malik Al Salih was crowned with a royal grace of wearing apparel from Mecca. This means, the coronation done in Arabic, not by way of India. This means again, Malik al-Salih likely to have embraced Islam at the time hailed as the Sultan of the Kingdom of Ocean. After the coronation, all the army commanders and the people immediately respect and worship them by calling for a new sovereign: "Long live Daulat Shah Alam Zilluilahi fil-nature." The reference to the king's honorary degree is also very closely with Arab names.

In the same series of ceremonies, has also established two Big Man, as an adviser to the Sultan, namely Tun Tun Sri Sri Baba Rich and Rich. Aroma of Islam more so when the second man was later given the title of the Great Arab memorable, each with the name of Sayyid Ali Khiatuddin to Tun Sri Rich and Sayid Asmayuddin to Tun Sri Baba Rich (Said, 1963:85).

Sultan Malik al-Salih was married to Princess algae Sari, a descendant of Muhammad Amin Aladdin Sultan bin Abdul Kadi of the Kingdom of perlak. From this marriage, Sultan Malik al-Salih was blessed with two sons, namely Muhammad and Abdullah. Later, Muhammad is believed to lead the Kingdom of Pasai, styled Malikul Zahir Mohammed Sultan (Sultan Malik al Tahir), side by side with his father who still lead the Royal Ocean strapping. The second son of Sultan Malik al-Salih, Abdullah, opted out of a large family and the Royal Ocean Pasai, by establishing self-government in 1295 Barumun Aru Sultanate.

Under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, Kingdom Pasai experienced heyday. Ibn Batuta record times achieved by the Kingdom Pasai golden era of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul this. Ibn Batuta noted that the lands in the territory of the Kingdom of Pasai very fertile. Trade and business activities in the kingdom was already well advanced, has been proved by the use of currency, including currency made of gold, as a means of transaction in the economic life of citizens of the Kingdom of Pasai. In addition to establishing partnership with countries from outside the archipelago, trade relations with merchants from the island of Java was so good. In fact, Java merchants get special treatment because they are free of tax. Typically, the traders from Java to exchange rice with black pepper.

Tomb of Sultan Mohammad Zahir Malikul

Ibn Batuta tells, after sailing for 25 days from Barhnakar (now Myanmar's territory), he landed in a place that is very fertile. Ibn Batuta could not cover her admiration so Pasai Kingdom centers around the city. He was so amazed to see a big city surrounded by a wall lovely with a magnificent. Ibn Batuta noted that he had to walk about four miles on horseback from the port which he called Sahra to get to the center of town. Center of the city government was big enough and beautiful and equipped with a tower-dancing which is made of solid woods. At the center of this city, written by Ibn Batuta, there is the abode of the rulers and nobles of the kingdom. The most important building is the Sultan's Palace and Mosque (Ismail, 1997:37).

Inside the fence that surrounds the city, there is the abode of the royal rulers and nobles who protected by the people outside the fence. All commercial life in the city, migrants from the countryside, foreign people, craftsmen, and all other urban activities outside the fence is placed around the center of town. Strangers are often not allowed to settle within a specified distance from the Palace of the Sultan, they sometimes even have to live outside the city.

If the explanation of Ibn Batuta was considered to be true, it can be said that the City Pasai as the government center sultans who ruled in Pasai, in the middle of the area there is a core area which is occupied by the Sultan Palace. The palace has a fence that serves as a boundary that distinguishes the region with the Sultan's Palace in the market area where trade activities and other activities take place.

Still according to the notes of Ibn Batuta, Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is the figure of a leader who has a passion to learn high in demanding the Islamic sciences. Batuta also noted, an Islamic study center was built in the royal environment became a place of discussion among scholars and the elite of the kingdom. Ibn Batuta even enter the name of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul as one of the seven kings in the world that has tremendous advantages. Seventh king who has the uncanny ability according to Ibn Batuta among others, Muhammad Sultan Raja Melayu yang judged Malikul Zahir extensive knowledge and profound knowledge, a very forgiving of the Roman King, King of Iraq who were skilled in language, Raja Hindustani very friendly, the King of Yemen that morality, Turkish warrior king, as well as the wise king of Turkistan.

Ibn Batuta impression of the figure of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul was so deep. As king, Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is a very pious, generous, humble, and have concern for the poor. Although he had conquered many kingdoms, Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul never be jumawa. Sultan, said Batuta, is a leader who is promoting Islamic law. "Personality was very humble. He went to the mosque for Friday prayers on foot. Finished his prayers, the Sultan and the group usually drive across town to see the state of his people, "as Ibn Batuta describes the figure of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul. Humility is the emperor is shown as one group welcomed Ibn Batuta ( the Republika , May 21, 2008).

In its golden ages, the kingdom and the kingdom of Samudera Pasai transformed into a center of international trade. Kingdom of Islam was so crowded ports visited by the traders and merchants from various continents such as Asia, Africa, China, and Europe. Areas where the Kingdom of Ocean and Pasai standing, namely in the area of the Strait of Malacca, it is a very strategic commercial airports. At that time, the Malacca Strait is an area of sea trade routes which often become the location of transit transactions and merchants from all corners of the earth, as from Siam (Thailand), Chinese, Indian, Arabic, up to Persia (Iran).

Position Pasai (Pacem) in the Map Trade in Asia

Besides being a center of trade, the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean is also a central religious development of Islam and emerged as the first government in the archipelago that adheres to Islamic teachings. Glory Ocean and the Ottoman Empire, located in the area Pasai Geudong Ocean, North Aceh, beginning with the unification of a number of small kingdoms in the area of patent, such as Woods and Seumerlang Jreum. Within the 13th century to early 16th century, Pasai is a region's leading producer of spices in the world, with pepper as one of its flagship commodities. Each year, Pasai able to export pepper with a fairly large production. Not only that, Pasai also represent producers of other commodities such as silk, camphor, and gold.

Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul had two sons, namely Malikul Mansur Mahmud and Malikul. When Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul eventually died due to illness, the leadership reins of the kingdom Pasai temporarily handed over Sultan Malik al-Salih, who also led the Royal Ocean, because the second son of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul still a very young age. By Sultan Malik al-Salih, the second grandchild was handed over to the excellent figures so they can properly lead the kingdom in the future. Malikul handed over to Syed Mahmud Ali Ghiatuddin, while educated by Sayid Mansur Malikul Semayamuddin.

When the two princes are growing up and felt ready to lead the government, the Sultan Malik al-Salih had resigned from his pedestal which includes the two kingdoms, namely the Kingdom and the Kingdom of Pasai Ocean. Instead, in accordance with the agreement of Large People, was appointed Malikul Mahmud became the Sultan of the Kingdom of Pasai, while Malikul Mansur as the Sultan of the Kingdom of Ocean. However, the harmony of both the sultan's brother and sister did not last long because of the feud between them. The cause is the act of Sultan Mansur who was fond of a wife of Sultan Mahmud who is none other than his own biological brother. In the end, Sultan Mansur was arrested and expelled from the kingdom until later died in transit. Be the first to master the throne of Sultan Mahmud Malikul Kingdom and the Kingdom of Pasai Ocean digabungkanlah both kingdoms until it became the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.

Since the year 1346, the leadership of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai under the regime of Sultan Mahmud Malikul replaced by his son, named Ahmad Permadala Permala. Once enthroned as ruler of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, he later was awarded an honorary degree by the name of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir. In Hikayat Raja Pasai narrated, Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir blessed with five children, three of them males while the remaining two are girls. Three sons of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir each Beraim Father named Tun, Tun Abdul Jalil, and the Tun Abdul-Fadil. While her two daughters are named Tun Tun Takiah Medam Peria and Dara.

Thing that could happen is a shame the way the leadership of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir which in turn is attached to the image as a bad leader. According to the Hikayat Raja Pasai , The Emperor was put on the second estrus own daughter, namely Medan Tun Tun Takiah Peria and Dara. The unreasonable attitude of the Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir is of course raises the wrath of many parties, including Tun Beraim Father who is none other than the eldest son of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir.

Tun Beraim Father desperately to protect his sisters from the savagery of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir with a whisk them away for safekeeping somewhere. Feeling challenged by his own son, Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir get mad and then ordered his bodyguard to kill Tun Beraim Father. Prince should be the crown prince has finally died after consuming poison given emissary of his father (Jones [ed.], 1999:35-56). Not long later, the two sisters were Tun Beraim Father followed his brother to take the same poison.

Malignancy Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir has not stopped there. The Emperor re-acting savage when she heard the news that there was a princess of the Majapahit Kingdom, Radin Galuh clang, fall in love with the second son of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir, the Tun Abdul Jalil. Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir felt humiliated because he himself also put the heart at the beauty of the daughter of the King of Majapahit. So then, as stipulated in the Hikayat Raja Pasai, Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir returned to give mandate to eliminate his subordinates to Tun Abdul Jalil and when the plan was successful, Tun Abdul Jalil's body sunk into the sea. Meanwhile, for the sake of love that is not unbearable, Radin was determined to go to the clink Galuh Pasai with his bodyguards to meet Tun Abdul Jalil.

Arriving at Pasai, the group of Majapahit was learned that the idol of the heart Radin Galuh clang already dead, murdered by his own father. The Princess did not withstand the power of grief and then immersed himself into the sea where the body was immersed Tun Abdul Jalil earlier. Time Radin entourage bodyguards who accompany the clang Galuh right back into Java and reports to the King of Majapahit about these tragic events.

The King of course heard the wrath of her daughter's death and the barbarity of Sultan Pasai it, and then immediately commissioned to the army preparing to attack the kingdom of Majapahit to Pasai. Although time to provide resistance, the war fleet of the Majapahit Kingdom was more superior and succeeded in occupying Pasai. Because the more urgency, Sultan Az-Zahir Ahmad Malik fled to a place called Expecting, which is located about fifteen days journey from Pasai Affairs.

Meanwhile, after the resounding victory by conquering Pasai, Majapahit army began preparing to return to Java after previously taking booty and prisoners of war from Pasai. On the way to Java, the Majapahit soldiers, the army first stopped at Palembang and Jambi to conquer these countries, as well as bringing more and more loot. Thus the story of the conquest by the Majapahit kingdom against kingdom Pasai as recounted in the book Hikayat Raja Pasai (Jones [ed.], 1999:57-65).

In the lineage of the ruler who led the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, there are a sovereign women who had reigned in that great kingdom. Sultanah Nahrasiyah (Nahrisyyah) Malikul Zahir's throne from 1420 until 1428, or approximately eight years. Sultanah Nahrasiyah has called Ariya Bakooy adviser with the title of Maharaja Bakooy Ahmad Permala. Ariya Bakooy is actually a controversial figure. He had warned the clergy not to marry his own daughter but the warning was opposed. In fact, Ariya Bakooy then instead killed 40 scholars. Ariya Bakooy finally killed at the hands of Malik surnamed Musthofa Pocut Cindan Natural Node, which is none other than the husband Sultanah Nahrasiyah, with the help of Sultan Mahmud Shah Johan Alaiddin from the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (1409-1465).

Sultanah Nahrasiyah is a high-minded Muslim women. This is evidenced by a very special tomb decoration. On tombstone, written in Arabic characters translated excerpt reads: "This is the grave of a holy woman who lit Dear queen, the deceased are forgiven their sins, Nahrasiyah, daughter of Sultan Zainal Abidin, the son of Sultan Ahmad, son of Sultan Muhammad, son of Sultan Salih Mailkus. To them, poured out in mercy and forgiveness for his sins. Died with the grace of God on Monday, 17 Zulhijjah 832. "(Pocut Haslinda Hamid Azwar, www.modusaceh-news.com , 2009).

Mausoleum Complex Renovation Sultanah Nahrasiyah (Nahrisyyah)

e. Destruction and Survival of Civilization Pasai Ocean

Triumph of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai begin to experience threats of greatest civilizations in Java that time, ie from the Majapahit kingdom with Gadjah Mada as the most legendary mahapatihnya. Gadjah Mada was appointed as governor in KAHURIPAN in the period 1319-1321 AD by the King of Majapahit who was then occupied by Jayanegara. In 1331, Gadjah Mada University was promoted to mahapati when Majapahit led by Queen Tribuana Tunggadewi. When the inauguration of Gadjah Mada became mahapati Majapahit out what he said is called Palapa Oath, namely that the Gadjah Mada University will not enjoy the fruits palapa before the entire archipelago under the authority of the Kingdom of Majapahit.

Gadjah Mada mahapati seemed a little disturbed to hear about the greatness of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai across the ocean there. Concerned about the rapid progress of the Majapahit Empire Pasai Ocean. Therefore, Gadjah Mada University and then prepare the plan of attack to conquer the Majapahit Pasai Ocean. The rumors about military attacks Majapahit, who embraced the Hindu Siva, to the Islamic kingdom of Samudera Pasai Santer heard among the people in Aceh. Expedition Pamalayu war fleet under the command of the Majapahit Kingdom, Gadjah Mada mahapati started its action in 1350 with several phases.

Initial attack on the border of Majapahit perlak have failed because the location was heavily guarded by the army of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai. However, Gadjah Mada University did not cancel its attacks. He retreated to the sea and looking for a place field on the east coast that is not maintained. Elephant River, Gadjah Mada University in landing his troops and established a fortress on a hill, which, until now known as the Mount or the Mount of Gadjah Mada Meutan (Muljana, 2005:140).

Furthermore, Gadjah Mada running attack two major strategies, namely from the majors and major inland sea. The attack was launched against the coast by sea in Lhokseumawe and Jambu Air. While the raid conducted by road via Paya Gajah that lies between perlak and Pedawa. Attack of the land is apparently a failure due to blocked by the army of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai. While the attacks carried out by sea it can reach the palace.

Majapahit Empire territories, including the Ocean Pasai

Apart from reasons of political factors, to the Ocean Pasai Majapahit attack also triggered by a factor of economic interests. Trade progress and prosperity of the people Pasai Ocean Sultanate has made Gadjah Mada eager to triumph over it. Expansion of Majapahit in order to master Pasai Ocean region have been carried out repeatedly and the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai still able to survive before finally slowly began to erode as strengthening the influence of Majapahit in the Straits of Malacca.

Until the late 16th century, Ocean Pasai still able to maintain its role as an airport that has a foreign trade activities. The historians who shed his interest in economic development Pasai noted that once occupied a position as a center of international trade activities in the archipelago since the role of Kedah had broken off (Said, 1963:125).

But then, a role previously Pasai extremely important in trade flows in Southeast Asia and the world experienced a slump with the advent of commercial airports in Peninsular Malays of Malacca (Ismail, 1997:24). Malacca Airport soon to be excellent in the field of trade and began to shift the position Pasai. Not long after Malacca was built, the city in a short time immediately flooded with foreigners-resident foreigners from Java.

Obtained due to rapid advancement of Malacca, the position and role of Pasai more and more cornered, almost all activities perniagaannya become loose and eventually broke completely in the hands of Malacca since 1450. Moreover, plus the arrival of Portuguese, who controlled trade in the Peninsula ambitious Malays. The Portuguese who in 1521 succeeded in occupying the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai (Rusdi Sufi, 2004:57)

Not only that, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai increasingly weak as in Aceh stands one who started his empire again became a great civilization and progress. The new government that is the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam which was founded by Sultan Ali Shah Mughayat. Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam itself built on the ruins of the kingdoms that ever existed in Aceh on the pre-Islamic, like the Ancient Kingdom of Indra, Indra Purwa kingdom, the kingdom of Indra Patra, and the Kingdom Indrapura. In 1524, the Kingdom of Aceh under the leadership of Sultan Ali Shah attacked the Sultanate Mughayat Pasai Ocean. Consequently, the prestige of the greatness of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai The overcast before it actually collapsed. Since then, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai under the control of the power of the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam.

Traces of the civilization heritage of the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean have been found, in 1913 and 1915 by a Dutch scientist named JJ de Vink, who initially entered into inventory at the former Ocean Pasai heritage. Subsequently, in 1937 restoration efforts have been made on some grave sultans Pasai Ocean by the Dutch East Indies colonial government. Then, in 1972, 1973, and in 1976 the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai relics found in Ocean Geudong District, North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, have been inventoried by the Director General of Culture, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.

Latest developments, in the year 2009 have been found several relics related to the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai. In March 2009, the Islamic Cultural History Research Team announced that they have discovered the tomb of Al Wazir Al ritually pure, who served as Prime Minister of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai. The tombs are located in the village of Ara Teupin, Ocean District, North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province.

Al Wazir Al Afdal known to have served as prime minister during the reign of the last regime Pasai Ocean, Sultan Zain Al-Abidin, or also commonly known by the name of Sultan Zainal Abidin, who ruled for two terms, ie in the period 1477-1500 and 1513-1524 . From the findings obtained information that al-Wazir al ritually pure died December 7 months Zulkaedah year or 1518 AD 923 H In the same year, Sultan Zainal Abidin, also died. At the cemetery headstone Al Wazir Al ritually pure, there is a poem that describes the kezuhudan that this world is mortal, which are like a nest of spiders knit. The same poem written on the tomb of Sultan Malik al-Salih that expresses the sinking of civilization Ocean Pasai ( www.indowarta.com , March 25, 2009).

On occasion the same time, the Islamic Cultural History Research Team also claimed to have found a stamp or seal of an estimated 683 years old. Royal stamp of ostensibly owned by Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, the second sultan Pasai Ocean, was found not far from the tomb of Abdullah ibn Muhammad, in the village of Kuta Krueng, Ocean District, North Aceh district. Abdullah ibn Muhammad (d. 816 H/1414 M) itself is one of the descendants of the Abbasid caliph, Al-Mustansir Billah, who is called sadr al Akabir (princes rulers) in the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean at that time.

Seals are found to have broken at the hilt have size 2 × 1 inch, and apparently made of similar materials of animal horns. From the location of the discovery in Kuta Krueng, this stamp is estimated to have been used until the reign of the last leader of Pasai Ocean, Sultan Zainal Abidin ( www.acehlong.com , March 17, 2009).

Subsequently, in June 2009, a team of researchers from the Foundation waqaf Nurul Islam (YWNI) Lhokseumawe announced that they have found the tomb believed to be the last wake of King Kanayan place, a warlord in the reign of Sultan Zain Al-Abidin. Tomb of King Kanayan found in the village of Meunasah Ujoung Blang Me, Ocean District, North Aceh district. Based on the research, it is known that the King Kanayan died on Friday, December 3 Ramadhan 1468 H or 872 AD. Thus, King Kanayan has lived in the reign of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai some regime and died at the time of Sultan Zainal Abidin.

Besides the tomb of King Kanayan, also found other tombs. In fact, the research team predict there are still other gravestones disappear into the ground at the tomb complex which is located not far from the east bank of the River Pasai it. The new tombs found in the inventory of sites not yet recorded in the history of the Cultural Office ( www.waspadaonline.com , June 20, 2009).

Finally, in August 2009, Research Institute of Islamic History (LePSI) Lhokseumawe revealed that they were reviewing the manuscript letters of Sultan Zainal Abidin, died in 923 Hijri or 1518 AD. The letter was addressed to Kapitan Moran representatives acting on behalf of the Portuguese king in India. Photography script can be witnessed in the State Museum of Aceh, while the original manuscripts are stored in Lisbon, Portugal.

The script provides a lot of historical information about the happenings at the beginning of Pasai Ocean-16th century, especially the last condition experienced by the first Islamic kingdom in Southeast Asia is, after the Portuguese had control of Malacca in 1511 AD. Manuscripts in Arabic letters also indicate the names of some country or kingdom which had close relations with Pasai Ocean so that can know the original spelling of the names of countries or kingdoms, among others Nergeri Fariyaman (Pariaman) and Mulaqat (Malacca) ( www.waspadaonline. com, August 21, 2009).

2. Genealogy of the Kings

Here are the names of the sultan / Sultanah known to have led the Sultanate Ocean Pasai:

1. Sultan Malik al-Salih (1267-1297)
2. Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul
3. Sultan Mahmud Malikul
4. Sultan Mansur Malikul
5. Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (1346-1383)
6. Zain Al-Abidin Sultan Malik Az-Zahir (1383-1405)
7. Sultanah Nahrasiyah or Sultanah Nahrisyyah (1420-1428)
8. Sultan Sallah Ad-Din (1402)
9. Sultan Abu Zayd Malik Az-Zahir 1455)
10. Sultan Mahmud Malik Az-Zahir (1455-1477)
11. Sultan Zain Al-Abidin (1477-1500)
12. Sultan Abdullah Malik Az-Zahir (1501-1513)
13. Sultan Zain Al-Abidin (1513-1524)

Lineage Sultan / Sultanah Sultanate of Samudera Pasai According Hikayat Raja Pasai.

Sultan Malik al-Salih lead the Sultanate Ocean, while his son, Sultan Mohammad Zahir is the ruler of Sultanate Malikul Pasai. When Sultan Mohammad Zahir Malikul died, the government held by the Sultan of the Sultanate of Pasai Malik Al-Salih in the meantime while waiting for the second son of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, namely Malikul and Malikul Mansur Mahmud, growing up. After the second son of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul are considered able to be a leader, Sultan Malik al-Salih to resign from the sultan of the kingdom which he led the second.

Furthermore, Sultan Malik Al Salih handed the reins of government to these two grandchildren, each of the Sultanate of Pasai to Malikul Mahmud and Sultan Mansur Ocean to Malikul. The third administration period sultans, namely Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, Malikul Sultan Mahmud, and Sultan Mansur Malikul, deliberately not mentioned because there is still some awkwardness about it, including those listed in the Hikayat Raja Pasai.

Kesimpang-siuran about the period of reign of each sultan / Sultanah become an obstacle in itself, and that's why over the years included in the list above is an interpretation of some of the information found. Similarly, with the mention of the name or title of each sultan / Sultanah that it found so many versions. In addition, the incompleteness of information about anyone sultan / Sultanah who had ruled the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai a coherent sequence and also cause other problems because it is not necessarily what is written in the genealogy of the above record of all rulers who have reigned in the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.

3. Regional Powers

During the period of the 14th century, the name of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai already very famous and influential and has a vast territory. Very powerful war fleet support for the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai expanded its powers, both with the aim of mastering and other kingdoms occupied neither by a mission to spread Islam. Ottoman empire in its heyday Pasai Ocean is located in an area flanked by two large rivers on the North Coast of Aceh, namely Peusangan River and River Pasai. Sultanate's territory also includes Pasai Ocean Ocean Geudong (North Aceh), Meulaboh, Bireuen, and Woods Jreum and Seumerlang (perlak).

Pasai Ocean territories

Meanwhile, some are embracing the notion that the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean covers a wider area to the south, that is up to the mouth of the River Jambu Ayer (Ismail, 1997:7). Clearly, the vast territory surrounding the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean along the river flow upstream upstream-originating deep in the interior of the Gayo Highlands, now in the administrative region of Central Aceh District, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Sultanate of Samudera Pasai also successfully expanded its territory to the outside of Aceh. Some areas outside the country conquered the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai include Minangkabau, Palembang, Jambi, Patani, Malacca, even up to several kingdoms in the coastal areas in Java (Sufi & Wibowo, 2005:61).

4. Governance System

Composition of the people who became citizens of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai show properties in layers. According Ayatrohaedi, the layer consists of the Emperor and the Great Men of the kingdom on the upper layer until the slave on the bottom layer (Ayatrohaedi, 1992). The layers of bureaucracy groups is apparent and the group Big People, prime ministers, ministers, soldiers, officers, and other royal notables.

The existence of people who are engaged in commerce, for example, people who trade, the sail, one week, captain, and others. Although the number of population Arabs who resided in Pasai not as many people from India, but among the Arab people are very influential in the course of the royal government, even though the policy of the Sultan Pasai. This situation is seen since the early establishment of the Sultanate of Pasai and lasts a long time until the name was changed to the Sultanate kingdom Pasai Ocean.

In the reign of Sultan Malik al-Salih as the first ruler of the Sultanate Pasai, there are a number of Great People in the country, among others, Tun Tun Sri Baba Rich and Rich. The names that clearly indicate their position, called the Great People. This is in accordance with the mention of the Big Men of the kingdoms of the Peninsula Malays and the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam as the Rich (Ismail, 1997:39).

Both Big Man who took part in the Sultanate of controlling running of the government's own Pasai later given the title and Sayid Sayid Ali Ghitauddin Asmayuddin, as mentioned earlier in the Islamic Marah Silu or Sultan Malik al-Salih. In the saga illustrated clearly that Great Men are mentioned as prime minister, one for the Sultanate of Pasai and another for the Sultanate of Samudera. The position of those who are very important there going on since the regime of Sultan Malik al-Salih to the administration and the grandson of Malikul Malikul Mahmud Mansur.

One of which Shows Presence Pasai Manuscript

In the second grandson of Sultan Malik al-Salih was in power in each kingdom, there was dispute between the two, ie when Malikul Mansur perform indecent acts against one of his wives Malikul Mahmud. Knowing the despicable actions of his brother, Sultan Mahmud Malikul could say that if he does not respect Asmayuddin Sayid, who is an advisor in the Sultanate of Sultan Mansur Malikul Ocean, undoubtedly Malikul Sultan Mahmud had already killed his own brother on the despicable acts that are not unforgivable. This fragment is sufficient to prove that how strong the influence of the Great People in the wheels of government take control of the kingdom, even to the level of personal and psychological impact on the Sultan.

In the next era of leadership, namely, under the regime of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (1346-1383), Sultanate of Samudera Pasai government was escorted by four prime ministers, each named Tulus Great Tailor Sukara, Baba Mentuha, Solomon Dendang Water, and Tun Shah Alam City (Jones [ed.], 1999:36). Still the same as in previous periods, the fourth prime minister is performing its function as an advisor to the Sultan and influence the policy of the kingdom despite the final decision still remains in the hands of the Sultan of Pasai Ocean. Social and political lives of citizens of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai strongly colored by elements of the Islamic religion and culture. His government is theocracy (based on Islamic teachings) and the majority of its people embraced Islam.

(Iswara NR/Ker/01/10-2009)

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Bugis traders and European power

History and Change: The power of Europe and the Malay World

The change is the phenomenon that occurs often in the history of all places. Southeast Asia in the early history of modern have changed the nature is another. The development has left many consequences that are shaping the changes in local and national history in Southeast Asia in particular and other Asian. What is meant by the coming of the Europeans is that an agenda to dominate the commercial and trading center in the Malay world (Gunn, 2003:169-275). Since then, the environment and trade activities in the Malay world from changing. Although the Malay world ever came to Arab traders, China, Persia and India, but commercial activities run smoothly (Risso, 1995), even though the arrival of foreign merchants and entrepreneurs is based on interest and profits.

Malay World clash with foreigners has caused major social changes in the Nusantara (Reid, 2000). Socio-cultural changes occurring in many ports across the archipelago has been going very well and peaceful until the arrival of Europeans, especially Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and English have come as a surprise that negaitf nature (Van Veen, 2005). They come with the intention and agenda has never been suspected traders from Asia and the Malay kingdom in the archipelago. Intention and motive of the European traders cause hatred, anger and revenge are endless among the indigenous population of the archipelago. They have also caused the fragmentation of society and the decline of Malay. In addition, customs, traditions, and the Malay culture is threatened and eroded little by little. Although the Europeans have dominated most of the trade center, but their work is not as easy as they assume. This is due to the Malay and Bugis traders are not easily discouraged when they dominated the trade and networking in the Straits of Malacca, the Java Sea and Sulu Sea. Their lives based on land and water has largely determined the Malay traders defend the homeland. Their hard work not only take back the captured the West, but also to build new commercial centers in other parts of the archipelago. Their work also appears to response from Asian traders also have to understand the thinking of the western traders.

Against the backdrop of the story, the history of early modern Southeast Asia has witnessed many changes. Admission of Europe and their intervention in political affairs and the Malay government has changed everything. Malay world is at a crossroads between the Indian subcontinent and mainland China, and often received the kind of changes had to deal with challenges and pressures that previously have not been felt. If the arrival of Arab traders, India, and China is bringing changes in culture and forms of belief and practice and anutan, but the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch and English has resulted in fragmentation and destruction of the Malay government. The main trade center has changed hands once dominated by Europeans, while the Malay trading center was threatened, he received tempiasnya and there is increasing success and growing rapidly. Meanwhile, local traders have a scattered search for a new direction and purpose of the trade center was destroyed when the western powers. However, there is also an effort to consolidate the new place they were built. So, what happens to the Bugis traders from Makassar.

Power Europe and Bugis traders

Malay trader's hard work and perseverance to defend the supremacy of the Malay archipelago is Bugis traders. Therefore, this article attempts Uncovering the role of Bugis traders and their properties are acclaimed European traders and make them always respected the Malay archipelago as merchants who are not only smart business, but also honest in business. After the trade center in Makassar, Bugis captured the Netherlands, most of them have been moved to the west of the Malay world and build a new trading center to connect the strength of their trade. Which ports are in the north coast of Java, the island of Borneo, the Thai government in Ayuthaya and other places in the Straits of Malacca. In the Straits of Malacca they have managed to rebuild trade links and the new strength that ultimately lead to major changes to the history of the Malay kingdom of Johor, Riau Province. Notes, records and documents sou, Bugis and the Netherlands in 1722 showed how the children of five children of the nobility Bugis has changed the structure of the Malay Kingdom of Johor, in addition to the port of Riau administration became the main port in Southeast Asia (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Andaya, 1975).

The strength is in Bugis traders are thinking embedded in their souls as stated in the old story and the story of their voyage. Ketokohan and their heroism was shown on local leaders Bugis, Sawerigading, the historical literature ternukil La Galigo (Kern 1993). Literary history that shows strength, as well as providing guidance to the Bugis people to live overseas. The story also has a Bugis ancient oral tradition. Story of heroism and shipping Sawerigading has given strength to the Bugis traders to become a nation of high prudence, diligence, and thus take a guess in life. Travel and strength Sawerigading everywhere has become a symbol of pride Bugis traders. Ketokohan character has been blended in the minds of the Bugis who care about pride and moral strength. The nature and ketokohan Sawerigading has become the basis of effort and a high character as shown Bugis traders who have access to trade Archipelago waters.

In addition, another concept that has given strength to the browser and the Bugis traders and pesse series (Andaya, 1981; Moh Mustafa Yahaya, 2003). The series is the concept of the culture of the Bugis. It is related to ideas and philosophies about the strength of pride and shame element. The concept of shame was also related to dignity and self-esteem. Bugis people who do not have to make a series of suicide in order to purify himself and redeem his honor. Bugis Perbidalan often provide memory of the strength of self-esteem can be strengthened with words like "better dead than to retain the series with a series of life that does not have." Armed with this concept of Bugis traders became traders and highly respected in the Malay world. The concept of self-esteem has been a series of guidance in their lives as well as forming a trader who admired them for having the strength and high self-esteem and honesty in all actions.

Pesse is based on belief in the spiritual unity of the individual (Moh. Yahaya Mustafa, 2003). The origin and strength in this concept is based persaudaran. The strength of the bonds of brotherhood that is considered very important in order to defend and strengthen their communities. When friends have trouble and pain, the distress suffered together. This element has given strength to the strong Bugis to remember them on their origin, in addition to trade ties to them. Accordingly, the elements pesse also gives strength to the Bugis traders to stay together and give them strength to build a life. Pesse concept is actually a tradition of the importance of collaborative collaborative spirit in the Malay culture (Moh. Yahya Mustafa, 2003). Strength is a blow to the resilient spirit of Bugis traders to acquire and develop commercial link from east to west in the Malay Archipelago.

Mastery of the Bugis traders in the trading networks of Malay-Indonesian archipelago has been recorded in documents from the Portuguese, Dutch and English (Nordin Hussin, 2006; Lewis, 1977). It is evident from the report which stated that they are traders who visit the Java Sea, Borneo island, Spice Island and the Straits of Malacca. In addition to trade, they also make a lot of placements in many places and ports, including in Java, Bali, Borneo, Malacca, Riau, Trantan, Penang, the Malay states and Siam (Nordin Hussin, 2006; Knaap, 1996). Meanwhile, the other the strength of the Bugis are the physical energy and skill to manage and deal in them and made them respected among traders that the European traders (Cortesao, 1944).

Since time immemorial, in the Straits of Malacca has been established that the government had control of maritime trade (Wolters 1970; Kathirithamby-Wells and Villiers 1990). Besides, based in Palembang Srivijaya which had dominated trade in the straits, has appeared many other government earlier. Among them are of old, the Government followed BATURITI Melaka, Pasai, patent and Aceh. All the government is dependent on trade involving traders from the ports visited near and far. However, research is clear about the Bugis and the Bugis traders who came and settled into this area is clearly visible after the 1720s (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Vos, 1993).

Before the 1720s, Bugis traders coming to Malacca, Aceh and other ports in the Straits of Malacca is not much research attention history. The lack of studies on their presence does not mean they are not aware of the center of important trade centers in the region. Spirit and heroism of Bugis is apparent. They had visited the Straits of Malacca to trade at ports in west Malay islands. Notes about the conduct of their trade links in the process of being recorded for the first time by Pires, who came to Malacca in the sixteen century. In the note, Pires admired the intelligence and honesty Bugis traders who bring a variety of goods such as rice and gold from the east side of the Malay Archipelago. They bring home from Malacca Gujarati cloth from, Bengal and the Coromandel, and other items, including benzin and incense. They have shown great Pires as they sail with ships made of light but firmly. See post Pires below:

The island of Macassar are four or five day `s journey beyond the islands we have described, on the way to Moluccas. The islands are numerous. It is a large country. One side goes up to Buton and Madura and the other extends far up north. They are all heathens. They say that these islands have more than fifty Kings. These islands trade with Malacca and with Java and with Borneo and with Siam and with all the places between Pahang and Siam. They are like the Siamese men more than other races. Their language is on its own, different from the others. They are all heathens, roboust, great Warriors. They have many foodstuffs(Cortesao, 1944).

Pires also recorded the Bugis has a robust body physique and warrior is as strong, strong, handsome and spoke a language of the Bugis. Writers and European pencatat time less people know the origins of the Bugis area. As such, they are often associated with piracy-dominated region. However, intelligence and power of Bugis traders viewed the European traders in the port such as Pegu in Burma, Siam Junk Ceylon, the port on the north coast of Java, ports along the coast of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. As events are tertonjol Bugis traders against other traders, then move them Gerik was monitored and recorded. Activity and behavior as stated Bugis traders Pires when he was in Malacca are:

These men in these islands are greater thieves than any in the world, and they are powerful and have many paraos. They sail about plundering, from their country up to Pegu, to the Moluccas and Banda, and among all the islands around Java; and they take women to sea (Cortesao, 1944).

Pires post above shows the Bugis clever built vessel that can surf the Spice Islands to Burma. But Pires is also self-conscious statement when he said Bugis traders act as a "thief." This may be due to their trading acumen to succeed in all business transaction, especially intelligence can not be contested European traders. In addition, the strength of the Bugis traders are also located in the strength of their shipping fleet can access all the ports in the Malay world. Other entries in the European report on the Bugis traders is that they often take the wife on a journey, while this is rarely done. This is likely because they often sail and trade to various places for many months.

Entirely different situation with the European traders who do not take women on a journey. Pires found this very awkward besides, there are no European traders and has recorded a variety of observations. Pires as well as the statement below that is awkward to kenyatannya:

They have Fairs where THEY dispose of the merchandise THEY steal and sell the slaves THEY capture. They run all round the island of Sumatra. They are MSI corsairs. The Javanese call them the Bugis and Malays call them this and Celates. They take their spoils to Jumaia (?) Which is near Pahang, where THEY sell and have a fair continually (Cortesao, 1944).

Pires reports that state they are pirates who steal and take those to be sold as slaves and it is very awkward. More surprising yet is Pires said that they were led to confiscation of goods sold in Jumaia, near Pahang. Report Pires is also very vague when mentioning the Bugis establishing trading centers such as markets to sell their spoils them. Markets where it is not stated. Jumaia Pires mentioned in the report is not only vague, but there is no record anywhere. It is possible that the diperhatian Pires was not the Bugis and his mistake. Observation is contrary to all the kenyatannya of the Bugis and other travelers' reports about the Bugis. Accordingly, there are two categories of Bugis traders in the observation Pires: the Bugis melanun and robbery and the Bugis are polite and have a unique identity.

Reports of other European states are not many people who live melanun Bugis and robbery. Most of those who do it are the people who live in Bugis place in the Straits of Malacca and non-living and living in the Celebes. This matter is still debated, but more research menunut. However, the report identified the Bugis people Pires is not robbery and melanun. Most of them use the cruiser to take the trade. Pires also said pirates and sea robbers did not dare to challenge their ships because of the strength possessed Bugis traders. Therefore, it is awkward when Pires mentioned are pirates among them:

Those people who do not carry on this kind of robbery come in their large well-built pangajavas with merchandise. They bring many foodstuffs: very white rice; THEY bring some gold. They take bretangis and cloths from Cambay and a little from Bengal and from the Klings; THEY take black benzoin in large quantities, and incense. These islands have many inhabitants and a great deal of meat, and it is a rich country. They all wear krises. They are well-built men. They go about the world and everyone fears them, because no doubt the robbers obey all these with good reason. They carry a great deal of poison [ed weapons] and shoot with them. They have no power against Thye junks which can all Defend Indonesia Hari Jadi Kabupaten, but every other ship in the country they have in their hands (Cortesao, 1944).

From the passage above, it appears that the main character portrayed Pires of Bugis traders are heroism, courage, bravery and ingenuity of their trade and do business honestly. This is a high value to the commercial world at that time. Honesty is a very pleasant nature of all traders and merchants. In addition, the nature of heroism and bravery are needed because the sea is full of pirates with the hijacking of ships and merchandise are often occurs. Each character is highly commendable, but an asset to the Bugis traders. In addition, the Bugis sailed and know-how to build a strong ship that can sail up to Pegu and Siam is very impressive. Only a strong and robust ship facing the rough seas and makes the long journey. In a word, making the ship had made the Bugis Makasar traders to control navigation in the archipelago, east and west. Bugis traders carrying goods of other traders awaited west of the archipelago. Inland Revenue Authority of forest and sea, as well as minerals and food brought to Malacca and other ports in the Straits of Malacca are often waiting for traders from Europe, India and China. Results minerals, including gold taken from Borneo, spices from the Spice Islands, the sea such as sea cucumber / tripang and materials needed medicines traders from China.

The role played by Bugis traders widely: they collect the goods from the eastern archipelago to be brought to the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Malacca to distribute goods to other areas throughout the archipelago. The role is not only important, but also a pillar of the marketing flow of goods and collection of goods. Accordingly, the nature of Bugis traders and their keperbadian good as Pires was observed to impress a lot of traders who deal with them. Portuguese capture of Malacca in 1511, does not mean Bugis traders have been exhausted. They have moved the center of calls to other places in the Straits of Malacca. Clearing the government evolved into an important and major entrepot center in northern Sumatra has a Bugis trade network center, other small ports such as Pasai, PEDIR and Indragiri.

The fall of Malacca has led to the establishment of government and the newly constructed sequence of Malacca Sultanate. Finally, the port of Riau and has opened a new center of government for the kingdom of Johor-Riau. The year 1699 also brought great meaning to the government of Johor-Riau with the occurrence of the transitional government's throne and descendant sequence of Johor-Riau. Bendahara appointment to replace the murdered Sultan has brought many problems to the throne. This has resulted in unrest that brought major changes to the government of Johor-Riau. This includes the capture of Makassar and Bugis exile by the Dutch government that forced them to find another place to form a new government. In the midst of chaos, the royal descendants formally Bugis went to the Malay royal family. Year 1720an be an important turning point for the occurrence of families of mixed Malay and Bugis kings in the kingdom of Johor-Riau (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Vos, 1993).

The presence of the Bugis and the changing pattern in Riau. Administer their intelligence and trade has brought the emergence of Riau as a major port and important center of Malacca replace. Proficiency administrator has placed Bugis Riau to stop the ship from the west central, east and the Malay archipelago. Commercial benefits of the Malays in Johor government previously developed Admiral Paduka Raja Muda Daeng was taken YamTuan Cambodia. Riau has become an important port in the Straits of Malacca and the Malay World. Ships from the east, west and the archipelago has been stopped at the port. It also has a major port for the ship calls English commute between India and China. Most of the necessary European traders, Indians, Chinese and Malays are easily available in the port of Riau. Quotations below reflect Bugis Riau under administration after it became a leading commercial center of Southeast Asia:

To continue the story of the cater-Young Yang Daeng Kamboja in Riau. He should complete himself solely to extending Riau `s trade. Several trading boat came from distant places, and Scores of ketch came from Bengal, Bringing goods from there; Scores of junk arrived from China with green or red bows; Scores of TOB came from Siam Siamese Bringing goods; and as well as these, the boat from Java. Scores of selub there were, the Senate, the column continued, and pencalang from the Bugis Lands, pedewakan as well as the boat from the Outlying Territories, crammed like sardines in the Riau River from the estuary to Kampung China. Goods from China competed with those from Java, and Javanese goods competed with those from Bali, such as gambier, and there were numerous Chinese Merchants as well as locally born Bugis Merchants. During this period there were many wealthy people in the country (Raja Ali Haji, 1982).

The presence of the Bugis in the business of government Johor-Riau has boost economic growth, as well as strengthen the Bugis influence in the Malay government. That development can be seen in the formation of the Selangor sultanate Bugis other activities in Perak, Kedah and along the east coast of Sumatra, especially in Indragiri, Riau and East Kalimantan. Their activities based on trade and government administration. Bugis traders is also important to Malacca during the Dutch master. From 1780 to 1783, a total of 178 Bugis vessels have been stopped at Melaka (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Riau Development in Lao family ordered five brothers also explained the nature and identity of Bugis. The nature of heroism, honesty and discipline the Bugis were applied as the Johor-Riau government. Port Development in the Riau administration era of cater-Young Yang Daeng Cambodia is connected cater Raja Muda Haji until captured the Netherlands in 1784 (Vos, 1993). Riau developed not only in terms of trade, but also has grown to become the center of the Malay mind.

The role of Bugis traders at the time of the Dutch Melaka and English appear in many reports (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Malacca is not only central to the production of traded goods, but also the distribution of goods brought from other parts of the archipelago. Bugis traders brought goods from elsewhere to Malacca. Having conquered the Dutch port in Riau, Bugis traders have built a network of trade in many ports in the Straits of Malacca and Indonesia. Among them is the Siak, Selangor, Pahang, shavings, Indragiri, Aceh, and Papua (Nordin Hussin, 2006).

Before Riau fell into the hands of the Netherlands in 1874, many Bugis traders who actively trade in Malacca came from Riau and Selangor (Nordin Hussin, 2006). They often lead ship of padowakang and pantjallang (Nordin Hussin, 2006). From the reports of ships in and out of the port of Malacca, the most common vessel in the Melaka bersinggah belong to the Malay traders and merchants followed by Europe with the Bugis, Chinese, Malay, Chinese, Melaka and Melaka (Nordin Hussin, 2006). Many European traders once an Englishman of the English East India Company and British private company. Meanwhile, Malay traders who came to Malacca telahmencatatkan highest percentage: 42% of the total number of traders who came to Malacca in the year 1780/82, although the figure fell to 37% in 1791/93. In addition, the Bugis traders mencatatkedatangan of 15% in 1780/82 has declined to 10% in 1791/93. Bugis traders from Riau. After the war between the Dutch and the Bugis in Riau in 1784, Bugis traders have moved to the port in Selangor, Trengganu, Trantan, and Tembelan. After the 1790s, many of whom come from Selangor, Trengganu, and Trantan. Trade routes that often they use are Riau, Melaka and Selangor. They bring Bugis cloth, bird nests, gold, slaves and seafood mainly from Borneo. Sometimes they come without bringing the goods, but were brought home textiles from India bought in Malacca to be marketed across the ports in the Malay world.

Once opened Penang in 1786, English, early progress is dependent upon the Malay and Bugis traders (Nordin Hussin, 2001 & 2005). Because NSW has no raw materials for sale, the English had to rely solely on the Malay and Bugis traders to bring agricultural products like spices, black pepper, forest products, seafood and minerals, including tin and gold. Accordingly, the Malay and Bugis traders attracted traders from India and China in exchange for their goods. Increased trade has led to the increase in merchant ships from India and China to Penang.

Because mastery of English in Malacca together with the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the UK has forced the Bugis traders who stop in Melaka went to Penang (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Tactics that have attracted many Bugis traders who are trading network to Penang. As a result, the number of vessels transiting in Penang has been increased. Increased trade has helped NSW to be developed and prosperous. The development was opened to the Bugis Bugis village south of the island. The village has grown in tandem with the growth in port trade. All that makes English so appreciate the Bugis traders. Accordingly, many reports about the Bugis traders have made English. Notes from the UK is in line with the written Tome Pires who was stopped at Melaka in the early sixteen century. Here is the view from an English writer of the Bugis people who have traded and settled in Penang when it is opened by the English:

The Buggesses, though few inhabit here at present, yet as THEY come and trade committee to remain two or three weeks on Shore to the number of one or two thousand, THEY are their residence during a part of our society. They are Mahomedans, a proud, warlike, independent people, easily irritated and prone to Revenge, their Vessels are well provided with arms always WHICH THEY use with dexterity and vigor; Merchants THEY are the best among the Eastern Islands. They are better governed by patient and mild exhortation than by force, if THEY commit a Trespass THEY are easily made and may Sensible news persuaded to render satisfaction, but THEY reluctantly yield to stern authority, THEY required to be watched carefully and cautiously ruled. The great value of their CARGOES either in bullion or goods, with the quantity of opium and piece goods exported THEY, THEIR ARRIVAL make much wished for by all people Mercantile (Logan, 1851: 10).

UK report that describes the nature and value of belonging to the Bugis traders for generations. Value, nature and spirit of heroism that Pires told in 1512 when met with the Bugis traders in Malacca is still practiced the Bugis were also found Logan in the 1830s. Value has become the identity of steel symbolizes the spirit of the Bugis, in addition to their high prudent, honest and independent. All properties that have made them a respected trader and acclaimed European. In its report on the progress of the port of Penang, George Leith also recorded the nature, characteristics and personalities Bugis traders. See the views below:

... bold, independent and enterprising make good soldiers have a small town on the Singapore River (Leith, 1805).

George Leith statement that shows the Buginese has personality, self-esteem and efforts to trade higher. Because of the strength, they are the best candidate to serve as members of local military forces to the west. It is not surprising if the Dutch troops have a lot of local people, especially the Bugis.

Conclusion

Pedagang Bugis telah berjaya menguasai segala pelosok Nusantara. Kejayaan itu disebabkan sifat dan peribadi orang Bugis: kepahlawanan, kejujuran, kegagahan, kebijaksanaan dan keberanian. Kesemua sifat itu terkandung dalam konsep siri serta pesse mereka. Kekuatan ini telah diperkukuhkan dengan cerita sejarah I La Galigo dan pengembaraan tokoh Sawerigading. Semangat dan jiwa kepahlawanan itu telah membuat mereka berdaya saing untuk maju sehingga telah menguasai dunia perdagangan serta lautan yang tanpa sempadan. Kejujuran pedagang Bugis menjadi terkenal dan disanjung tinggi di mana sahaja mereka pergi, berjual serta berdagang. Tanggapan seperti itu telah membuat mereka berada jauh ke depan dan sering muncul dalam laporan Inggeris di Pulau Pinang. Susuk badan mereka yang gagah telah membuat mereka bertahan dalam pelayaran laut yang jauh. Keberanian dan kegagahan mereka telah membuat mereka tahan mengharungi laut yang bergelora serta cuaca yang tidak tentu arah. Mereka juga bijak dan pandai berniaga sehinggakan telah menguasai jaringan pedagangan yang luas di Nusantara. Kesemua sifat itu adalah lambang keperibadian yang membuat mereka berjaya di semua pelabuhan di Nusantara. Berbekalkan jaringan yang luas, mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam menyebarkan barang-barang Nusantara. Peranan pedagang Bugis itu dilengkapkan kebolehan Daeng lima bersaudara telah menambah warna baru kepada kerajaan Melayu yang berteraskan perdagangan samudera di Selat Melaka.

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